2019年全国新课标高考英语考试大纲(完整)
2019年全国新课标高考英语考试大纲已经公布了，大纲中对考生词汇量，语法基础知识及听说读写等方面提出了明确要求。具体大纲内容如下：
考核目标与要求
一、语言知识
要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题（见附录1至附录5），要求词汇量为3500左右。
二、语言运用
1．听力
要求考生能听懂所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能：
（1）理解主旨要义；
（2）获取具体的事实性信息；
（3）对所听内容做出推断；
（4）理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。
2．阅读
要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：
（1）理解主旨要义；
（2）理解文中具体信息；
（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；
（4）做出判断和推理；
（5）理解文章的基本结构；
（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
3．写作
要求考生根据提示进行书面表达。考生应能：
（1）清楚、连贯地传递信息，表达意思；
（2）有效运用所学语言知识。
4．口语
要求考生根据提示进行口头表达。考生应能：
（1）询问或传递事实性信息，表达意思和想法；
（2）做到语音、语调自然；
（3）做到语言运用得体；
（4）使用有效的交际策略。
附录1 语音项目表
1. 基本读音
(1) 26个字母的读音
(2) 元音字母在重读音节中的读音
(3) 元音字母在轻读音节中的读音
(4) 元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
(5) 常见的元音字母组合在轻读音节中的读音
(6) 辅音字母组合的读音
(7) 辅音连缀的读音
(8) 成节音的读音
2. 重音
(1) 单词重音
(2) 句子重音
3. 读音的变化
(1) 连读
(2) 失去爆破
(3) 弱读
(4) 同化
4. 语调与节奏
(1) 意群与停顿
(2) 语调
(3) 节奏
5. 语音、语调、重音、节奏等在口语交流中的运用
6. 朗诵和演讲中的语音技巧
7. 主要英语国家的英语语音差异
附录2 语法项目表
1. 名词
(1) 可数名词及其单复数
(2) 不可数名词
(3) 专有名词
(4) 名词所有格
2. 代词
(1) 人称代词
(2) 物主代词
(3) 反身代词
(4) 指示代词
(5) 不定代词
(6) 疑问代词
3. 数词
(1) 基数词
(2) 序数词
4. 介词和介词短语
5. 连词
6. 形容词(比较级和最高级)
7. 副词(比较级和最高级)
8. 冠词
9. 动词
(1) 动词的基本形式
(2) 系动词
(3) 及物动词和不及物动词
(4) 助动词
(5) 情态动词
10. 时态
(1) 一般现在时
(2) 一般过去时
(3) 一般将来时
(4) 现在进行时
(5) 过去进行时
(6) 过去将来时
(7) 将来进行时
(8) 现在完成时
(9) 过去完成时
(10) 现在完成进行时
11. 被动语态
12. 非谓语动词
(1) 动词不定式
(2) 动词的-ing形式
(3) 动词的-ed形式
13. 构词法
(1) 合成法
(2) 派生法
(3) 转化法
(4) 缩写和简写
14. 句子种类
(1) 陈述句
(2) 疑问句
(3) 祈使句
(4) 感叹句
15. 句子成分
(1) 主语
(2) 谓语
(3) 表语
(4) 宾语
(5) 定语
(6) 状语
(7) 补语
16. 简单句的基本句型
17. 主谓一致
18. 并列复合句
19. 主从复合句
(1) 宾语从句
(2) 状语从句
(3) 定语从句
(4) 主语从句
(5) 表语从句
20. 间接引语
21. 省略
22. 倒装
23. 强调
24. 虚拟语气
附录3 功能意念项目表
1. 社会交往 (Social Communications)
(1) 问候 (Greetings)
(2) 介绍 (Introduction)
(3) 告别 (Farewells )
(4) 感谢 (Thanks )
(5) 道歉 (Apologies)
(6) 邀请 (Invitation)
(7) 请求允许 (Asking for permission)
(8) 祝愿和祝贺 (Expressing wishes and congratulations)
(9) 提供帮助 (Offering help)
(10) 接受和拒绝 (Acceptance and refusal)
(11) 约会 (Making appointments)
(12) 打电话 (Making telephone calls)
(13) 就餐 (H***ing meals)
(14) 就医 (Seeing the doctor)
(15) 购物 (Shopping)
(16) 问路 (Asking the way)
(17) 谈论天气 (Talking about weather)
(18) 语言交际困难 (Language difficulties in communication)
(19) 提醒注意 (Reminding)
(20) 警告和禁止 (Warning and prohibition)
(21) 劝告 (Advice)
(22) 建议 (Suggestions)
2. 态度 (Attitudes)
(23) 同意和不同意 (Agreement and disagreement)
(24) 喜欢和不喜欢 (Likes and dislikes)
(25) 肯定和不肯定 (Certainty and uncertainty)
(26) 可能和不可能 (Possibility and impossibility)
(27) 能够和不能够 (Ability and inability)
(28) 偏爱和优先选择 (Preference)
(29) 意愿和打算 (Intentions and plans)
(30) 希望和愿望 (Hopes and wishes)
(31) 表扬和鼓励 (Praise and encouragement)
(32) 责备和抱怨 (Blame and complaint)
(33) 冷淡 (Indifference)
(34) 判断与评价 (Judgement and evaluation)
3. 情感 (Emotions)
(35) 高兴 (Happiness)
(36) 惊奇 (Surprise)
(37) 忧虑 (Worries)
(38) 安慰 (Reassurance)
(39) 满意 (Satisfaction)
(40) 遗憾 (Regret)
(41) 同情 (Sympathy)
(42) 恐惧 (Fear)
(43) 愤怒 (Anger)
4. 时间 (Time)
(44) 时刻 (Point of time)
(45) 时段 (Duration)
(46) 频度 (Frequency)
(47) 时序 (Sequence)
5. 空间 (Space)
(48) 位置 (Position)
(49) 方向 (Direction)
(50) 距离 (Distance)
6. 存在 (Existence)
(51) 存在与不存在 (Existence and Non-existence)
7. 特征 (Features)
(52) 形状 (Shape)
(53) 颜色 (Colour)
(54) 材料 (Material)
(55) 价格 (Price)
(56) 规格 (Size)
(57) 年龄 (Age)
8. 计量 (Measurement)
(58) 长度 (Length)
(59) 宽度 (Width)
(60) 高度 (Height)
(61) 数量 (Number)
9. 比较 (Comparison)
(62) 同级比较 (Equal comparison)
(63) 差别比较 (Comparative and superlative)
(64) 相似和差别 (Similarity and difference)
10. 逻辑关系 (Logical relations)
(65) 原因和结果 (Cause and effect)
(66) 目的 (Purpose)
11. 职业 (Occupations)
(67) 工作 (Jobs)
(68) 单位 (Employer)
10
附录4 话题项目表
1. 个人情况 (Personal information)
2. 家庭、朋友与周围的人 (Family, friends and people around)
3. 周围的环境 (Personal environments)
4. 日常活动 (Daily routines)
5. 学校生活 (School life)
6. 兴趣与爱好 (Interests and hobbies)
7. 个人感情 (Emotions)
8. 人际关系 (Interpersonal relationships)
9. 计划与愿望 (Plans and intentions)
10. 节假日活动 (Festivals, holidays and celebrations)
11. 购物 (Shopping)
12. 饮食 (Food and drink)
13. 健康 (Health)
14. 天气 (Weather)
15. 文娱与体育 (Entertainment and sports)
16. 旅游和交通 (Tr***el and transport)
17. 语言学习 (Language learning)
18. 自然 (Nature)
19. 世界与环境 (The world and the environment)
20. 科普知识与现代技术 (Popular science and modern technology)
21. 热点话题 (Topical issues)
22. 历史与地理 (History and geography)
23. 社会 (Society)
24. 文学与艺术 (Literature and art)
附录5 词汇表
A
a(an) art
abandon v
ability n
able a
abnormal a
aboard prep
abolish v
abortion n
about ad & prep
above prep,a & ad
abroad ad
abrupt a
absence n
absent a
absolute a
absorb v
abstract a & n
absurd a
abundant a
abuse v
academic a & n
academy n
accelerate v
accent n
accept v
access n & v
accessible a
accident n
accommodation n
accompany v
accomplish v
account n
accountant n
accumulate v
accuracy n
accurate a
accuse v
accustomed a
ache v & n
achieve v
achievement n
acid a
acknowledge v
acquaintance n
acquire v
acquisition n
acre n
across prep
act n & v
action n
active a
activity n
actor n
actress n
actual a
acute a
AD abbr
ad=advertisement n
adapt v
adaptation n
add v
addicted a
addition n
address n
adequate a
adjust v
adjustment n
administration n
admirable a
admire v
admission n
admit v
adolescence n
adolescent a & n
adopt v
adore v
adult n
advance v & n
advantage n
adventure n
advertise v
advertisement n
advice n
advise v
advocate v
affair n
affect v
affection n
afford v
afraid a
Africa n
African a & n
after ad,prep & conj
afternoon n
afterward(s) ad
again ad
against prep
age n
agency n
agenda n
agent n
aggressive a
ago ad
agree v
agreement n
agricultural a
agriculture n
ahead ad
aid n & v
AIDS n
aim n & v
air n
aircraft n
airline n
airmail n
airplane n
airport n
airspace n
alarm n & v
album n
alcohol n
alcoholic a & n
algebra n
alike ad
alive a
all ad,a & pron
allergic a
alley n
allocate v
allow v
allowance n
almost ad
alone a
along ad & prep
alongside ad
aloud ad
alphabet n
already ad
also ad
alternative a
although conj
altitude n
altogether ad
aluminium
(Am aluminum) n
always ad
am v(be)
a.m./am,A.M./AM abbr
amateur a
amaze v
amazing a
ambassador n
ambassadress n
ambiguous a
ambition n
ambulance n
America n
among prep
amount n & v
ample a
amuse v
amusement n
analyse v
analysis n
ancestor n
anchor v & n
ancient a
and conj
anecdote n
anger n
angle n
angry a
animal n
ankle n
anniversary n
announce v
annoy v
annual a
another a & pron
answer n & v
ant n
Antarctic a
antique n
anxiety n
anxious a
any pron & a
anybody pron
anyhow ad
anyone pron
anything pron
anyway ad
anywhere ad
apart ad & a
apartment n
apologize v
apology n
apparent a
appeal v & n
appear v
appearance n
appendix n
appetite n
applaud v & n
apple n
applicant n
application n
apply v
appoint v
appointment n
appreciate v
appreciation n
approach n & v
appropriate a
approval n
approve v
approximately ad
apron n
arbitrary a
arch n
architect n
architecture n
Arctic a
are v(be)
area n
argue v
argument n
arise(arose,arisen) v
arithmetic n
arm n & v
armchair n
army n
around ad & prep
arrange v
arrangement n
arrest v
arrival n
arrive v
arrow n
art n
article n
artificial a
artist n
as ad,conj & prep
ash n
ashamed a
Asia n
Asian a & n
aside ad
ask v
asleep a
aspect n
assess v
assessment n
assist v
assistance n
assistant n
associate v
association n
assume v
assumption n
astonish v
astronaut n
astronomer n
astronomy n
at prep
athlete n
athletic a
Atlantic a
atmosphere n
atom n
attach v
attack v & n
attain v
attempt v & n
attend v
attention n
attitude n
attract v
attraction n
attractive a
audience n
aunt n
authentic a
author n
authority n
automatic a
autonomous a
autumn n
***ailable a
***enue n
***erage a & n
***oid v
awake(awoke,awoken) v & a
award n
aware a
away ad
awesome a
awful a
awkward a
B
baby n
bachelor n
back ad,a & n
background n
backward(s) ad
bacon n
bacterium(pl bacteria) n
bad(worse,worst) a
badminton n
bag n
baggage n
bakery n
balance n
balcony n
ball n
ballet n
balloon n
bamboo n
ban n & v
banana n
band n
bandage n
bank n
bar n
barbecue n
barber n
barbershop n
bare a
bargain n & v
bark v & n
barrier n
base n
baseball n
basement n
basic a
basin n
basis n
basket n
basketball n
bat n
bath n
bathe v
bathroom n
bathtub n
battery n
battle n
bay n
BC abbr
be(am,is,are,was,
were,being,been) v
beach n
bean n
bean curd n
bear1 n
bear2 v
beard n
beast n
beat(beat,beaten) v & n
beautiful a
beauty n
because conj
become(became,become) v
bed n
beddings n
bedroom n
bee n
beef n
beer n
before prep,ad&conj
beg v
begin(began,begun) v
behalf n
beh***e v
beh***iour(Am beh***ior) n
behind prep & ad
being n
belief n
believe v
bell n
belly n
belong v
below prep
belt n
bench n
bend(bent,bent) v
beneath prep
beneficial a
benefit n & v
bent a & n
beside prep
besides prep & ad
betray v
between prep
beyond prep
bicycle n
bid v & n
big a
bike=bicycle n
bill n
bingo n
biochemistry n
biography n
biology n
bird n
birth n
birthday n
birthplace n
biscuit n
bishop n
bit n
bite(bit,bitten) v
bitter a
black a & n
blackboard n
blame n & v
blank n & a
blanket n
bleed v
bless v
blind a
block n & v
blood n
blouse n
blow(blew,blown) v
blue n & a
board n & v
boat n
body n
boil v
bomb n & v
bond n & v
bone n
bonus n
book n & v
boom n & v
boot n
booth n
border n
bored a
boring a
born a
borrow v
boss n
botanical a
botany n
both a & pron
bother v
bottle n
bottom n
bounce v
bound a
boundary n
bow v & n
bowl n
bowling n
box n
boxing n
boy n
boycott v
brain n
brake n & v
branch n
brand n
br***e a
br***ery n
bread n
break(broke,broken) v & n
breakfast n
breakthrough n
breast n
breath n
breathe v
breathless a
brewery n
brick n
bride n
bridegroom n
bridge n
brief a
bright a
brilliant a
bring(brought,brought) v
broad a
broadcast(broadcast,
broadcast或-ed,-ed) v
brochure n
broken a
broom n
brother n
brown n & a
brunch n
brush v & n
Buddhism n
budget n
buffet n
build(built,built) v
building n
bunch n
bungalow n
burden n
bureaucratic a
burglar n
burn(burnt,burnt
或-ed,-ed) v & n
burst v
bury v
bus n
bush n
business n
businessman/woman
(pl businessmen/ women) n
busy a
but conj & prep
butcher n & v
butter n
butterfly n
button n & v
buy(bought,bought) v
by prep
bye int
C
cab n
cabbage n
cafe n
cafeteria n
cage n
cake n
calculate v
call n & v
calm a & v
camel n
camera n
camp n & v
campaign n
can1(could);
can’t=cannot modal v
can2 n
canal n
cancel v
cancer n
candidate n
candle n
candy n
canteen n
cap n
capital n
capsule n
captain n
caption n
car n
carbon n
card n
care n & v
careful a
careless a
carpenter n
carpet n
carriage n
carrier n
carrot n
carry v
cartoon n
carve v
case n
cash n & v
cassette n
cast(cast,cast) v
castle n
casual a
cat n
catalogue n
catastrophe n
catch(caught,caught) v
category n
cater v
Catholic a
cattle n
cause n & v
caution n
cautious a
c***e n
CD=compact disk n
ceiling n
celebrate v
celebration n
cell n
cent n
centigrade a
centimetre
(Am centimeter) n
central a
centre(Am center) n
century n
ceremony n
certain a
certificate n
chain n
chair n
chairman/woman
(pl chairmen/women) n
chalk n
challenge n
challenging a
champion n
chance n
change n & v
changeable a
channel n
chant v & n
chaos n
chapter n
character n
characteristic a & n
charge v & n
chart n
chat n & v
cheap a
cheat n & v
check n & v
cheek n
cheer n & v
cheerful a
cheers int
cheese n
chef n
chemical a & n
chemist n
chemistry n
cheque(Am check) n
chess n
chest n
chew v
chicken n
chief a & n
child(pl children) n
childhood n
chocolate n
choice n
choir n
choke n & v
choose(chose,chosen) v
chopsticks n
chorus n
Christian n
Christmas n
church n
cigar n
cigarette n
cinema n
circle n & v
circuit n
circulate v
circumstance n
circus n
citizen n
city n
civil a
civilian n
civilization n
clap v
clarify v
class n
classic a
classify v
classmate n
classroom n
claw n
clay n
clean v & a
cleaner n
clear a
clerk n
clever a
click v
climate n
climb v
clinic n
clock n
clone v
close a & ad
cloth n
clothes n
clothing n
cloud n
cloudy a
club n
clumsy a
coach n
coal n
coast n
coat n
cocoa n
coffee n
coin n
coincidence n
coke n
cold a & n
collar n
colleague n
collect v
collection n
college n
collision n
colour(Am color) n & v
comb n & v
combine v
come(came,come) v
comedy n
comfort n
comfortable a
command n & v
comment n
commercial a
commit v
commitment n
committee n
common a
communicate v
communication n
communism n
communist n & a
companion n
company n
compare v
compass n
compensate v
compete v
competence n
competition n
complete a & v
complex a & n
component n
composition n
comprehension n
compromise v
compulsory a
computer n
concentrate v
concept n
concern v & n
concert n
conclude v
conclusion n
coNCREte a
condemn v
condition n
conduct v
conductor n
conference n
confident a
confidential a
confirm v
conflict n
confuse v
congratulate v
congratulation n
connect v
connection n
conscience n
consensus n
consequence n
conservation n
conservative a
consider v
considerate a
consideration n
consist v
consistent a
constant a
constitution n
construct v
construction n
consult v
consultant n
consume v
contain v
container n
contemporary a
content1 n
content2 a
continent n
continue v
contradict v
contradictory a
contrary n & a
contribute v
contribution n
control v & n
controversial a
convenience n
convenient a
conventional a
conversation n
convey v
convince v
cook n & v
cooker n
cookie n
cool a
copy n & v
corn n
corner n
corporation n
correct v & a
correction n
correspond v
corrupt a & v
cost n & v
cosy(Am cozy) a
cottage n
cotton n & a
cough n & v
could modal v
count v
counter n
country n
countryside n
couple n
courage n
course n
court n
courtyard n
cousin n
cover n & v
cow n
crash v & n
crayon n
crazy a
cream n
create v
creature n
credit n
crew n
crime n
criminal n
criterion(pl criteria) n
crop n
cross n & v
crossing n
crossroads n
crowd n & v
cruel a
cry n & v
cube n
cubic a
cuisine n
culture n
cup n
cupboard n
cure n & v
curious a
currency n
curriculum n
curtain n
cushion n
custom n
customer n
customs n
cut(cut,cut) v & n
cycle v
cyclist n
D
dad=daddy n
daily a,ad & n
dam n
damage n & v
damp a & n
dance n & v
danger n
dangerous a
dare v & modal v
dark a & n
darkness n
dash v & n
data n
database n
date n & v
daughter n
dawn n
day n
dead a
deadline n
deaf a
deal n
dear a
death n
debate n & v
debt n
decade n
decide v
decision n
declare v
decline v
decorate v
decoration n
decrease v
deed n
deep a & ad
deer n
defeat v
defence(Am defense) n
defend v
degree n
delay n & v
delete v & n
deliberately ad
delicate a
delicious a
delight n
delighted a
deliver v
demand v
dentist n
department(Dept.) n
departure n
depend v
deposit v & n
depth n
describe v
description n
desert v & n
deserve v
design v & n
desire v & n
desk n
desperate a
dessert n
destination n
destroy v
detective n
determine v
develop v
development n
devote v
devotion n
diagram n
dial v
dialogue(Am dialog) n
diamond n
diary n
dictation n
dictionary n
die v
diet n
differ v
difference n
different a
difficult a
difficulty n
dig(dug,dug) v
digest v
digital a
dignity n
dilemma n
dimension n
dinner n
dinosaur n
dioxide n
dip v
diploma n
direct a & v
direction n
director n
directory n
dirty a
disability n
disabled a
disadvantage n
disagree v
disagreement n
disappear v
disappoint v
disappointed a
disaster n
discount n
discourage v
discover v
discovery n
discrimination n
discuss v
discussion n
disease n
disgusting a
dish n
disk=disc n
dislike v
dismiss v
distance n
distant a
distinction n
distinguish v
distribute v
district n
disturb v
disturbing a
dive v
diverse a
divide v
division n
divorce v
dizzy a
do(did,done) v
doctor n
document n
dog n
doll n
dollar n
donate v
door n
dormitory(dorm) n
dot n
double a & n
doubt n & v
down prep & ad
download n & v
downstairs ad
downtown ad,n & a
dozen n
Dr=doctor n
draft n & v
drag v
draw(drew,drawn) v
dra***ack n
drawer n
dream(dreamt,dreamt
或-ed,-ed) n & v
dress n & v
drill n & v
drink(drank,drunk) v
drive(drove,driven) v
driver n
drop n & v
drug n
drum n
drunk a
dry v & a
duck n
due a
dull a
dumpling n
during prep
dusk n
dust n
dustbin n
dusty a
duty n
DVD=digital versatile disk n
dynamic a
dynasty n
E
each a & pron
eager a
eagle n
ear n
early a & ad
earn v
earth n
earthquake n
east a,ad & n
Easter n
eastern a
easy a
eat(ate,eaten) v
ecology n
edge n
edition n
editor n
educate v
education n
educator n
effect n
effort n
egg n
eggplant n
either a,conj & ad
elder n
elect v
electric a
electrical a
electricity n
electronic a
elegant a
elephant n
else ad
e-mail n & v
embarrass v
embassy n
emergency n
emperor n
employ v
empty a
encourage v
encouragement n
end n & v
ending n
endless a
enemy n
energetic a
energy n
engine n
engineer n
enjoy v
enjoyable a
enlarge v
enough pron,a & ad
enquiry n
enter v
enterprise n
entertainment n
enthusiastic a
entire a
entrance n
entry n
envelope n
environment n
envy v & n
equal a & v
equality n
equip v
equipment n
eraser n
error n
erupt v
escape n & v
especially ad
essay n
Europe n
European a & n
evaluate v
even ad
evening n
event n
eventually ad
ever ad
every a
everybody pron
everyday a
everyone pron
everything pron
everywhere ad
evidence n
evident a
evolution n
exact a
exam=examination n
examine v
example n
excellent a
except prep
exchange n & v
excite v
excuse n & v
exercise n & v
exhibition n
exist v
existence n
exit n
expand v
expect v
expectation n
expense n
expensive a
experience n
experiment n
expert n
explain v
explanation n
explicit a
explode v
explore v
export n & v
expose v
express v & n
expression n
extension n
extra a
extraordinary a
extreme a
eye n
eyesight n
F
face n & v
facial a
fact n
factory n
fade v
fail v & n
failure n
fair1 a
fair2 n
faith n
fall1(fell,fallen) v
fall2(Am)=autumn n
false a
familiar a
family n
famous a
fan n
fancy n,v & a
fantastic a
fantasy n
far(farther,farthest
或further,furthest) a & ad
fare n
farm n
farmer n
fast a & ad
fasten v
fat n & a
father n
fault n
f***our(Am f***or) n
f***ourite(Am f***orite) a & n
fax n & v
fear n
feast n
feather n
federal a
fee n
feed(fed,fed) v
feel(felt,felt) v
feeling n
fellow n
female a & n
fence n
ferry n
festival n & a
fetch v
fever n
few pron & a
fibre(Am fiber) n
fiction n
field n
fierce a
fight(fought,fought) n & v
figure n & v
file n
fill v
film n & v
final a
finance n
find(found,found) v
fine1 a
fine2 v
finger n
fingernail n
finish v & n
fire n & v
fireworks n
firm1 n
firm2 a
fish n & v
fisherman n
fist n
fit a & v
fix v
flag n
flame n
flash n
flashlight n
flat1 a
flat2 n
flee(fled,fled) v
flesh n
flexible a
flight n
float v
flood n & v
floor n
flour n
flow v
flower n
flu n
fluency n
fluent a
fly1(flew,flown) v
fly2 n
focus v & n
fog n
foggy a
fold v
folk n & a
follow v
fond a
food n
fool n & v
foolish a
foot(pl feet) n
football n
for prep & conj
forbid(forbade,forbidden) v
force v
forecast n & v
forehead n
foreign a
foreigner n
foresee(foresaw,foreseen) v
forest n
forever ad
forget(forgot,forgot/forgotten) v
forgetful a
forgive(forg***e,forgiven) v
fork n
form n & v
format n
former a
fortnight n
fortunate a
fortune n
forward ad
foster v
found v
fountain n
fox n
fragile a
fragrant a
framework n
franc n
free a
freedom n
freeway n
freeze(froze,frozen) v
freezing a
frequent a
fresh a
friction n
fridge=refrigerator n
friend n
friendly a
friendship n
frighten v
frog n
from prep
front a & n
frontier n
frost n
fruit n
fry v
fuel n
full a
fun n & a
function n & v
fundamental a
funeral n
funny a
fur n
furnished a
furniture n
future n
G
gain v
gallery n
gallon n
33
game n
garage n
garbage n
garden n
garlic n
garment n
gas n
gate n
gather v
gay a
general a & n
generation n
generous a
gentle a
gentleman n
geography n
geometry n
gesture n
get(got,got) v
gift n
gifted a
giraffe n
girl n
give(g***e,given) v
glad a
glance v
glare v
glass n
globe n
glory n
glove n
glue n
go(went,gone) v
goal n
goat n
god n
gold n & a
golden a
golf n
good(better,best) a
goods n
goose(pl geese) n
govern v
government n
grade n
gradual a
graduate v
graduation n
grain n
gram n
grammar n
grand a
grandchild n
granddaughter n
grandma=grandmother n
grandpa=grandfather n
grandparents n
grandson n
granny n
grape n
graph n
grasp v
grass n
grateful a
gr***ity n
great a & ad
greedy a
green a & n
greengrocer n
greet v
greeting n
grey(Am gray) a
grill n
grocer n
grocery n
ground n
group n
grow(grew,grown) v
growth n
guarantee v
guard n
guess v
guest n
guidance n
guide n
guilty a
guitar n
gun n
gym=gymnasium n
gymnastics n
H
habit n
hair n
haircut n
half a & n
hall n
ham n
hamburger n
hammer n
hand n & v
handbag n
handful n
handkerchief n
handle n & v
handsome a
handwriting n
handy a
hang(hung,hung或-ed,-ed) v
happen v
happiness n
happy a
harbour(Am harbor) n
hard ad & a
hardly ad
hardship n
hardworking a
harm n & v
harmful a
harmony n
harvest n & v
hat n
hatch v
hate v & n
h***e(has,had,had) v
he pron
head n & v
headache n
headline n
headmaster n
headmistress n
health n
healthy a
hear(heard,heard) v
hearing n
heart n
heat n
he***en n
he***y a
heel n
height n
helicopter n
hello int
helmet n
help n & v
helpful a
hen n
her pron
herb n
here ad
hero n
hers pron
herself pron
hesitate v
hi int
hide(hid,hidden) v
high a & ad
highway n
hill n
him pron
himself pron
hire v
his pron
history n
hit(hit,hit) v & n
hobby n
hold(held,held) v
hole n
holiday n
holy a
home n & ad
homeland n
hometown n
homework n
honest a
honey n
honour(Am honor) n & v
hook n & v
hope n & v
hopeful a
hopeless a
horrible a
horse n
hospital n
host n & v
hostess n
hot a
hotdog n
hotel n
hour n
house n
housewife n
housework n
how ad
however ad & conj
howl v
hug v
huge a
human a & n
human being n
humorous a
humour(Am humor) n
hunger n
hungry a
hunt v
hunter n
hurricane n
hurry v
hurt(hurt,hurt) v
hu***and n
hydrogen n
I
I pron
ice n
ice-cream n
idea n
identification n
identity n
idiom n
if conj
ignore v
ill a
illegal a
illness n
imagine v
immediately ad
immigration n
import v & n
importance n
important a
impossible a
impress v
impression n
improve v
in prep & ad
inch n
incident n
include v
income n
increase v & n
indeed a
independence n
independent a
indicate v
industry n
influence n & v
inform v
information n
initial a
injure v
injury n
ink n
inn n
innocent a
insect n
insert v
inside prep & ad
insist v
inspect v
inspire v
instant a
instead ad
institute n
institution n
instruct v
instruction n
instrument n
insurance n
insure v
intelligence n
intend v
intention n
interest n
interesting a
international a
Internet n
interpreter n
interrupt v
interval n
interview n & v
into prep
introduce v
introduction n
invent v
invention n
invitation n
invite v
iron n & v
irrigation n
is v(be)
island n
it pron
its pron
itself pron
J
jacket n
jam n
jar n
jaw n
jazz n
jeans n
jeep n
jet n
jewellery(Am jewelry) n
job n
jog v
join v
joke n
38
journalist n
journey n
joy n
judge n & v
judgement
(Am judgment) n
juice n
jump n & v
jungle n
junior a
just a & ad
justice n
K
kangaroo n
keep(kept,kept) v
kettle n
key n
keyboard n
kick v & n
kid n
kill v
kilo n
kilogram n
kilometre(Am kilometer) n
kind1 n
kind2 a
kindergarten n
kindness n
king n
kingdom n
kiss n & v
kitchen n
kite n
knee n
knife(pl knives) n
knock n & v
know(knew,known) v
knowledge n
L
lab=laboratory n
labour(Am labor) n
lack n & v
lady n
lake n
lamb n
lame a
lamp n
land n & v
language n
lantern n
lap n
large a
last a & v
late a & ad
latter n
laugh n & v
laughter n
laundry n
law n
lawyer n
lay(laid,laid) v
lazy a
lead(led,led) v & n
leader n
leaf(pl le***es) n
league n
leak v
learn(learnt,learnt
或-ed,-ed) v
least n
leather n
le***e(left,left) v
lecture n
left a,ad & n
leg n
legal a
lemon n & a
lemonade n
lend(lent,lent) v
length n
lesson n
let(let,let) v
letter n
level n
liberation n
liberty n
librarian n
library n
license n
lid n
lie1 n & v
lie2(lay,lain) v
life(pl lives) n
lift v & n
light n,v & a
lightning n
like v & prep
likely a
limit v
line n & v
link v & n
lion n
lip n
liquid n & a
list n & v
listen v
literature n
literary a
litre(Am liter) n
litter v
little(less,least) a
live v & a
lively a
load n
loaf n
local a
lock n & v
lonely a
long a & ad
look n & v
loose a
lorry n
lose(lost,lost) v
loss n
lot n
loud a
lounge n
love n & v
lovely a
low a & ad
luck n
lucky a
luggage n
lunch n
lung n
M
machine n
mad a
madam/madame n
magazine n
magic a
maid n
mail n & v
mailbox n
main a
mainland n
major a
majority n
make1 n
make2(made,made) v
male a & n
man(pl men) n
manage v
manager n
mankind n
manner n
many(more,most) pron & a
map n
maple n
marathon n
marble n
march n & v
mark n & v
market n
marriage n
marry v
mask n & v
mass n
master v & n
mat n
match v & n
material n
mathematics
=math/maths n
matter n & v
mature a
maximum a & n
may modal v
maybe ad
me pron
meal n
mean(meant,meant) v
meaning n
means n
meanwhile ad
measure v
meat n
medal n
media n
medical a
medicine n
medium n
meet(met,met) v & n
meeting n
melon n
member n
memorial n & a
memory n
mend v
mental a
mention n & v
menu n
merchant a & n
merciful a
mercy n
merely ad
merry a
mess n
message n
messy a
metal n & a
method n
metre(Am meter) n
microscope n
microw***e n
middle n
midnight n
might modal v
mild a
mile n
milk n & v
millimetre
(Am millimeter) n
millionaire n
mind n & v
mine1 n & v
mine2 pron
mineral n
minibus n
minimum a
minister n
ministry n
minority n
minus prep & a
minute n
mirror n
miss1 n
miss2 v
missile n
mist n
mistake
(mistook,mistaken) v & n
mistaken a
misunderstand
(misunderstood,misunderstood) v
mix v
mixture n
mobile a
model n
modem n
modern a
modest a
mom=mum n
moment n
mommy=mummy n
money n
monitor n
monkey n
month n
monument n
moon n
mop n & v
moral a & n
more(much,many) a,ad & n
morning n
Moslem n
mosquito n
most a & ad
mother n
motherland n
motivation n
motor n
motorcycle n
motto n
mountain n
mountainous a
mourn v
mouse(pl mice) n
moustache n
mouth n
move v
movement n
movie n
Mr.(mister) n
Mrs.(mistress) n
Ms. n
much a & ad
mud n
muddy a
multiply v
murder v
museum n
mushroom n
music n
musical a & n
musician n
must modal v
mustard n
mutton n
my pron
myself pron
N
nail n
name n & v
narrow a
nation n
national a
nationality n
nationwide ad
native a
natural a
nature n
n***y n
near a,ad & prep
nearby a
nearly ad
neat a
necessary a
neck n
necklace n
need n & modal v
needle n
negotiate v
neighbour(Am neighbor) n
neighbourhood
(Am neighborhood) n
neither a
nephew n
nervous a
nest n
net n
network n
never ad
new a
news n
newspaper n
next a & ad
nice a
niece n
night n
no ad & a
No.=number n
noble a
nobody n & pron
nod v
noise n
noisy a
none pron
noodle n
noon n
nor conj
normal n & a
north a,ad & n
northeast n
northern a
northwest n
nose n
not ad
note n & v
notebook n
nothing pron,n & a
notice n & v
novel n
novelist n
now ad
nowadays ad
nowhere ad
nuclear a
numb a
number n
nurse n
nursery n
nut n
nutrition n
O
obey v
object n
observe v
obtain v
obvious a
occupation n
occupy v
occur v
ocean n
Oceania n
o’clock n
of prep
off prep & ad
offence n
offer n & v
office n
officer n
official n & a
offshore a
often ad
oh int
oil n & v
oilfield n
O.K. ad
old a
Olympic(s) a & n
on prep & ad
once n,ad & conj
one pron
oneself pron
onion n
only a & ad
onto prep
open a & v
opening n
opera n
operate v
operation n
operator n
opinion n
oppose v
opposite n & a
optimistic a
optional a
or conj
oral a
orange n & a
orbit n
order n & v
ordinary a
organ n
organise(Am organize) v
organisation
(Am organization) n
origin n
other pron & a
otherwise ad
ought modal v
our pron
ours pron
ourselves pron
out ad
outcome n
outdoors ad
outer a
outgoing a
outing n
outline n
output n
outside n,ad & prep
outspoken a
outstanding a
outward(s) ad
oval n & ad
over prep & ad
overcoat n
overcome v
overhead a
overlook v
overweight a
owe v
own a & v
owner n
ownership n
ox(pl oxen) n
oxygen n
P
pace n
Pacific a
pack n & v
package n
packet n
paddle n
page n
pain n
painful a
paint n & v
painter n
painting n
pair n
palace n
pale a
pan n
pancake n
panda n
panic a & v
paper n
paperwork n
paragraph n
parallel a & n
parcel n
pardon n
parent n
park1 n
park2 v
parking n
parrot n
part n,a & v
participate v
particular a
partly ad
partner n
part-time a & ad
party n
pass v
passage n
passenger n
passer-by n
passive a
passport n
past ad,n & prep
patent n
path n
patience n
patient1 n
patient2 a
pattern n
pause n & v
p***ement n
pay(paid,paid) v & n
P.C.=personal computer n
P.E.=physical education n
pea n
peace n
peaceful a
peach n
pear n
pedestrian n
pen n
pence n
pencil n
penny n
pension n
people n
pepper n
per prep
percent n
percentage n
perfect a
perform v
performance n
performer n
perfume n
perhaps ad
period n
permanent a
permission n
permit v & n
person n
personal a
personnel n
personally ad
persuade v
pest n
pet n
petrol n
phenomenon
(pl phenomena) n
phone = telephone n & v
photo = photograph n
photograph n
photographer n
phrase n
physical a
physician n
physicist n
physics n
pianist n
piano n
pick v
picnic n & v
picture n
pie n
piece n
pig n
pile n
pill n
pillow n
pilot n
pin n & v
pine n
pineapple n
ping-pong n
pink a & n
pint n
pioneer n
pipe n
pity n
place n & v
plain a
plan n & v
plane n
planet n
plant v & n
plastic a
plate n
platform n
play v & n
playground n
pleasant a
please v
pleased a
pleasure n
plenty n
plot v & n
plug n
plus v & prep
p.m./pm,P.M./PM abbr
pocket n
poem n
poet n
point v & n
poison n
poisonous a
pole n
police n
policeman/woman
(pl policemen/policewomen) n
policy n
polish v
polite a
political a
politician n
politics n
pollute v
pollution n
pond n
pool n
poor a
pop = popular a
popcorn n
popular a
population n
pork n
porridge n
port n
portable a
porter n
position n
positive a
possess v
possession n
possibility n
possible a
post1 n
post2 v & n
postage n
postcard n
postcode n
poster n
postman(pl postmen) n
postpone v
pot n
potato n
potential a
pound n
pour v
powder n
power n
powerful a
practical a
practice n & v
practise(Am practice) v
praise n & v
pray v
prayer n
precious a
precise a
predict v
prefer v
preference n
pregnant a
prejudice n
premier n
preparation n
prepare v
prescription n
present1 a & v
present2 n
presentation n
preserve v
president n
press1 v
press2 n
pressure n
pretend v
pretty a
prevent v
preview v
previous a
price n
pride n
primary a
primitive a
principle n
print v
prison n
prisoner n
private a
privilege n
prize n
probably ad
problem n
procedure n
process n & v
produce v
product n
production n
profession n
professor n
profit n
programme(Am program) n
progress n & v
prohibit v
project n
promise n & v
promote v
pronounce v
pronunciation n
proper a
properly ad
protect v
protection n
proud a
prove v
provide v
province n
psychology n
pub n
public a & n
publish v
pull v & n
pulse n
pump v
punctual a
punctuation n
punish v
punishment n
pupil n
purchase v
pure a
purple n & a
purpose n
purse n
push n & v
put(put,put) v
puzzle n
pyramid n
Q
quake n & v
qualification n
quality n
quantity n
quarrel v & n
quarter n
queen n
question v & n
questionnaire n
queue n & v
quick a & ad
quiet a
quilt n
quit v
quite ad
quiz n
R
rabbit n
race v & n
racial a
radiation n
radio n
radioactive a
radium n
rag n
rail n
railway n
rain n & v
rainbow n
raincoat n
rainfall n
rainy a
raise v
random a
range n & v
rank n
rapid a
rare a
rat n
rate n & v
rather ad
raw a
ray n
razor n
reach v
react v
read(read,read) v
reading n
ready a
real a
realise(Am realize) v
reality n
really ad
reason v & n
reasonable a
rebuild(rebuilt,rebuilt) v
receipt n
receive v
receiver n
recent a
reception n
receptionist n
recipe n
recite v
recognize(Am recognize) v
recommend v
record n & v
recorder n
recover v
recreation n
rectangle n & a
recycle v
red n & a
reduce v
refer v
referee n
reference n
reflect v
reform v & n
refresh v
refrigerator n
refuse v
regard v & n
regardless a
register n & v
regret n & v
regular a
regulation n
reject v
relate v
relation n
relationship n
relative n
relax v
relay n & v
relevant a
reliable a
relief n
religion n
religious a
rely v
remain v
remark n
remember v
remind v
remote a
remove v
rent n & v
repair n & v
repeat v
replace v
reply n & v
report n & v
reporter n
represent v
representative n
republic n
reputation n
request n
require v
requirement n
rescue v
research n
resemble v
reservation n
reserve n & v
resign v
resist v
respect v & n
respond v
responsibility n
rest n & v
restaurant n
restriction n
result n
retell v
retire v
return v
review v & n
revision n
revolution n
reward n
rewind v
rhyme n & v
rice n
rich a
rid(rid,rid
或ridded,ridded) v
riddle n
ridiculous a
ride(rode,ridden) v & n
right n,a & ad
rigid a
ring(rang,rung) v & n
ripe a
ripen v
rise(rose,risen) v
risk n & v
river n
road n
roast v
rob v
robot n
rock n
rocket n
role n
roll v & n
roof n
room n
rooster n
root n
rope n
rose n
rot v
rough a
round ad,prep & a
roundabout a & n
routine n
row n & v
royal a
rubber n
rubbish n
rude a
rugby n
ruin v & n
rule n & v
ruler n
run(ran,run) v
rush v
S
sacred a
sacrifice v
sad a
sadness n
safe a
safety n
sail n & v
sailor n
salad n
salary n
sale n
salesgirl n
salesman/woman
(pl salesmen/women) n
salt n
salty a
salute n & v
same n & a
sand n
sandwich n
satellite n
satisfaction n
satisfy v
saucer n
sausage n
s***e v
say(said,said) v
saying n
scan v
scar n
scare v
scarf n
scene n
scenery n
sceptical(Am skeptical) a
schedule n & v
scholar n
scholarship n
school n
schoolbag n
schoolboy/girl n
schoolmate n
science n
scientific a
scientist n
scissors n
scold v
score n & v
scratch v & n
scream n
screen n
sculpture n
sea n
seagull n
seal n
search n & v
seashell n
seaside n
season n
seat n
seaweed n
second a & n
secret a & n
secretary n
section n
secure a
security n
see(saw,seen) v
seed n
seek v
seem v
seize v
seldom ad
select v
self n
selfish a
sell(sold,sold) v
semicircle n
seminar n
send(sent,sent) v
senior a & n
sense n
sensitive a
sentence n
separate v & a
separation n
serious a
servant n
serve v
service n
session n
set(set,set) v & n
settle v
settlement n
settler n
several pron & a
severe a
sew(sewed,sewn/sewed) v
sex n
shabby a
shade n
shadow n
shake(shook,shaken) v
shall modal v
shallow a
shame n
shape n & v
share v
shark n
sharp a
sharpen v
sharpener n
sh***e
(sh***ed,sh***ed/sh***en) v
sh***er n
she pron
sheep(pl sheep) n
sheet n
shelf(pl shelves) n
shelter n
shine(shone,shone) v
ship n & v
shirt n
shock v
shoe n
shoot(shot,shot) v & n
shop v & n
shopkeeper n
shopping n
shore n
short a
shortcoming n
shortly ad
shorts n
shot n
should modal v
shoulder n
shout n & v
show
(showed,shown/showed) v & n
shower n
shrink(shrank,shrunk
或shrunk,shrunken) v
shut(shut,shut) v
shuttle n
shy a
sick a
sickness n
side n
sideroad(Am sidewalk) n
sideways ad
sigh v & n
sight n
sightseeing n
signal n
signature n
significance n
silence n
silent a
silk n
silly a
silver n
similar a
simple a
simplify v
since ad,conj & prep
sincerely ad
sing(sang,sung) v
single a
sink(sank,sunk) v & n
sir n
sister n
sit(sat,sat) v
situation n
size n
skate v
skateboard n
ski n & v
skilful a
skill n
skin n
skip v
skirt n
sky n
skyscraper n
sl***e n
sl***ery n
sleep1 n
sleep2(slept,slept) v
sleepy a
sleeve n
slice n
slide n & v
slight a
slim a
slip n
slow ad
small a
smart a
smell(smelt,smelt
或-ed,-ed) v & n
smile n & v
smog n
smoke n & v
smoker n
smooth a
snake n
sneaker n
sneeze v
sniff v
snow n & v
snowy a
so ad & conj
soap n
sob n & v
soccer n
social a
socialism n
socialist a
society n
sock n
socket n
sofa n
soft a
software n
soil n
solar a
soldier n
solid a & n
some a & pron
somebody pron
somehow ad
someone pron
something pron
sometimes ad
somewhere ad
son n
song n
soon ad
sorrow n
sorry a
sort v & n
soul n
sound v & n
soup n
sour a
south a,ad & n
southeast n
southern a
southwest n
souvenir n
sow(sowed,sown/-ed) v
space n
spaceship n
spade n
spare a
sparrow n
speak(spoke,spoken) v
speaker n
spear n
special a
specialist n
specific a
speech n
speed n & v
spell v
spelling n
spend(spent,spent) v
spin v & n
spirit n
spiritual a
spit v
splendid a
split v
spoken a
spokesman/woman
(pl spokesmen/women) n
sponsor n
spoon n
spoonful n
sport n
spot n & v
spray n & v
spread(spread,spread) v
spring n
spy n & v
square n & a
squeeze v
squirrel n
stable a
stadium n
staff n
stage n
stain n
stainless a
stair n
stamp n
stand(stood,stood) v & n
standard n & a
star n
stare v
start v
starvation n
starve v
state n
station n
statement n
statesman/woman
(pl statesmen/women) n
statistics n
statue n
status n
stay n & v
steady a
steak n
steal(stole,stolen) v
steam n
steel n
steep a
step n & v
steward n
stewardess n
stick(stuck,stuck) v & n
still a & ad
stocking n
stomach n
stone n
stop n & v
storage n
store n & v
storm n
story n
stout a
stove n
straight a & ad
straightforward a & adv
strait n
strange a
stranger n
straw n
stra***erry n
stream n
street n
strength n
strengthen v
stress n & v
strict a
strike
(struck,struck /stricken) v & n
string n
strong a
struggle v
stubborn a
student n
studio n
study v & n
stupid a
style n
subject n
subjective a
submit v
subscribe v
substitute v
succeed v
success n
successful a
such ad,pron & a
suck v
sudden a
suffer v
suffering n
sugar n
suggest v
suggestion n
suit v & n
suitable a
suitcase n
suite n
summary n
summer n
sun n
sunburnt a
sunlight n
sunny a
sunshine n
super a
superb a
superior a & n
supermarket n
supper n
supply v & n
support v & n
suppose v
supreme a
sure a & ad
surface n
surgeon n
surplus n
surprise v & n
surround v
surrounding a
survive v
survival n
suspect v & n
suspension n
swallow v
swap v
swear(swore,sworn) v
sweat n
sweater n
sweep(swept,swept) v
sweet n & a
swell(swelled,swollen) v
swift a
swim(swam,swum) v
swing v & n
switch v & n
sword n
symbol n
sympathy n
symphony n
symptom n
system n
systematic a
T
table n
table tennis n
tablet n
tail n
tailor n
take(took,taken) v
tale n
talent n
talk n & v
tall a
tank n
tap n
tape n
target n & v
task n
taste n & v
tasteless a
tasty a
tax n
taxi n
taxpayer n
tea n
teach(taught,taught) v
teacher n
team n
teamwork n
teapot n
tear(tore,torn) v & n
tease v
technical a
technique n
technology n
teenager n
telephone n & v
telescope n
television n
tell(told,told) v
temperature n
temple n
temporary a
tend v
tendency n
tennis n
tense a
tension n
tent n
tentative a
term n
terminal a & n
terrible a
terrify v
terror n
test v & n
text n
textbook n
than conj
thank v & n
thankful a
that pron,conj & ad
the art
theatre(Am theater) n
theft n
their pron
theirs pron
them pron
theme n
themselves pron
then ad
theoretical a
theory n
there int,n & ad
therefore ad
thermos n
these a & pron
they pron
thick a
thief(pl thieves) n
thin a
thing n
think(thought,thought) v
thinking n
thirst n
this a & pron
thorough a
those a & pron
though conj
thought n
thread n
thrill n & v
thriller n
throat n
through prep & ad
throughout prep
throw(threw,thrown) v
thunder n & v
thunderstorm n
thus ad
tick v
ticket n
tidy a & v
tie v & n
tiger n
tight a
till conj & prep
time n & v
timetable n
tin n
tiny a
tip n & v
tire v
tired a
tiresome a
tissue n
title n
to prep
toast v & n
tobacco n
today ad & n
together ad
toilet n
tolerate v
tomato n
tomb n
tomorrow ad & n
ton n
tongue n
tonight ad & n
too ad
tool n
tooth(pl teeth) n
toothache n
toothbrush n
toothpaste n
top n
topic n
tortoise n
total a,n & v
touch v
tough a
tour n
tourism n
tourist n
tournament n
toward(s) prep
towel n
tower n
town n
toy n
track n
tractor n
trade n & v
tradition n
traditional a
traffic n
train n & v
training n
tram n
transform v
translate v
translation n
translator n
transparent a
transport n & v
trap n & v
tr***el n & v
tr***eller(Am tr***eler) n
treasure n
treat v
treatment n
tree n
tremble v
trend n
trial n
triangle n
trick n
trip n
trolleybus n
troop n
trouble v & n
troublesome a
trousers n
truck n
true a
truly ad
trunk n
trust v
truth n
try v
T-shirt n
tube n
tune n
turkey n
turn v & n
turning n
tutor n
TV=television n
twice ad
twin n
twist v & n
type v
typewriter n
typical a
typhoon n
typist n
tyre(Am tire) n
U
ugly a
umbrella n
unable a
unbearable a
unbelievable a
uncertain a
uncle n
uncomfortable a
unconditional a
unconscious a
under ad & prep
underground a & n
underline v
understand
(understood,understood) v
undertake
(undertook,undertaken) v
underwear n
unemployment n
unfair a
unfit a
unfortunate a
uniform n
union n
unique a
unit n
unite v
universal a
universe n
university n
unless conj
unlike prep
unrest n
until prep & conj
unusual a
unwilling a
up ad,a,n & prep
update v & n
upon prep
upper a
upset a
upstairs ad
upward(s) ad
urban a
urge v
urgent a
us pr
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